Welcome to the 2 nd Friday Sanibel/Captiva real estate update in 2021. With the holidays over and a home inspection this afternoon, we are wrapping up another productive week at SanibelSusan Realty – two more sales, more listings shown, more action items accomplished for both listings and upcoming closings, and a closing late today. A Catholic about current affairs in the Catholic Church in Europe and the world. The demise of Austria-Hungary was accompanied by the dismemberment of historic Hungary, codified in the Peace Treaty of Trianon in 1920. This treaty turned Hungary into a small truncated country, with only 28.5 percent of its former territory (35,900 square miles versus 125,600 square miles) and 36.5 percent of its former population (7.6. Create Your Ancestry Profile You can create a free profile to let other members know about you and your family history interests. It can help you connect with others who may be doing similar research or maybe even find new relatives. Red: 44, 1, 7 white: 56 blue: 12, 20, 39 navy (away): 7, 13, 18 old red: 42, 0, 5 light blue: 0, 36, 55 blue:0, 23, 50 dark teal (gk away): 6, 14, 16 grey: 25, 27, 25.

State Department and Foreign Affairs Records

Records of the Foreign Service Posts of the Departmentof State (RG 84)

Hungary

Hungary allied with Nazi Germany early in the war. From 1939 on, Germany allowed Hungary to share in some of her booty. Hungary profited from the dismemberment of Czechoslovakia; she obtained a slice of Rumania; and she participated in the invasion and subsequent partition of Yugoslavia (1941). On November 20, 1940, Hungary joined the Tripartite Pact and the following June Hungarian forces joined the Germans in invading Russia and began enacting some anti- Jewish laws. In December 1941 Hungary formally entered the war against Britain and the United States.

While these events were taking place Germany increased its financial and economic presence in Hungary. The Dresdner Bank obtained direct control of 16 percent of the capital stock of the Hungarian Credit Bank of Budapest, which was by far the most important commercial bank in the country. The Germans also made direct investments in existing firms and created new firms. The timber industry, for example, was developed by joint Axis and Hungarian firms. The bauxite and aluminum industry was largely German-controlled. There were also some German interests in the oil, coal, and power industries. I.G. Farben gained a foothold in Hungary's chemical industry. The Germans also obtained large interests in the Hungarian oil industry, the bauxite mines, the aluminum manufacturing facilities, and the aircraft works.

In March 1942 Regent Admiral Nicholas Horthy replaced Hungary's pro-German Prime Minister Laslo Bardossy with Miklos Kallay, who set about disentangling Hungary from the war. To Hitler, the Hungarians, who were removing troops from the Russian front and not willing to deal harshly with the Jews, seemed more like a neutral than Germany's ally. Kallay refused to deport Jews to Poland when requested to do so. In April 1943 he summoned Horthy to his presence and severely criticized him, explaining Hungary's obligations to Germans and the need to eliminate the Jews.

Prime Minister continued his policies and in August 1943 broadcast a peace speech following Mussolini's overthrow. In March 1944 Hitler again summoned Horthy, and his cabinet, to meet him. Hitler informed Horthy and the other Hungarian leaders, minus Kallay who refused to attend the meeting, that Germany, not being able to trust Hungary, was going to occupy it. Within days, on March 19, 1944 the Germans occupied Hungary, and on March 22, a new government was established under Prime Minister Dome Sztojay, formerly the Hungarian minister in Berlin. The real power, however, resided with the SS and Reich Plenipotentiary Edmund Vessenmayer.

On March 19, 1944, Adolf Eichmann and a group of SS officers arrived in Budapest to take charge of Jewish matters and ten days later anti-Jewish legislation was enacted, calling for the expropriation of Jewish property. Eichmann then set in motion machinery to round up and deport the Hungarian Jews to extermination camps. Between May 14 and July 18, 1944, over 430,00 Hungarian Jews were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau in 48 trains. Most of them were gassed.

More Jews would have perished had not it been for the efforts of Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg who arrived in Hungary on July 9, 1944 with the mission of saving as many Jews as possible. By various means, including issuing special Swedish passports and bribing guards and officials, as well as setting up a program for feeding the Jews of Budapest, it is estimated that his actions saved between 30,000 and 100,000 from extermination. In September 1944 he was forced to go into hiding to avoid the Gestapo. (Note 77)

Learning in July of the actions against the Jews, Horthy ordered the deportations to stop. Prime Minister Lakatos asked the Germans to removed Eichmann's men and the Hungarians lifted some of the restrictions on the remaining Jews.

With the Germans suffering military setbacks, Sztojay resigned on August 30, 1944, and Horthy replaced him with Geza Lakatos. In October 1944 Russian forces entered Hungary and it appeared to the Germans that Horthy was about to ask for an armistice. The SS under Vessenmayer then kidnaped Horthy's son and held him under threats of dire consequences if Horthy to did not comply with the Nazi's wishes. Horthy, was therefore forced to appoint Arrow Cross Chief Szalasi as Prime Minister. Some 35,000 Jews were rounded up to be sent to Auschwitz, but since that camp was being liquidated, the Jews were used as slave laborers. The remaining 160,00 Jews in Budapest suffered at the hands of the Arrow Cross, with about 20,000 perishing during the winter because of cold, hunger, disease, and Russian bombardment.

Szalasi could not gather support to stop the oncoming Russian Army, which by November 1944, controlled two-thirds of Hungary and were on the verge of taking Budapest. A siege for Budapest lasted until February 1945 and it was not until April 4, 1945, that the Germans departed Hungary.

In all, it is estimated that 450,000 of Hungary's estimated 650,000 pre-Final Solution Jewish population were exterminated. (Note 78)

Records of the U.S. Legation and Mission, Budapest, Hungary

General Records 1936-1941, 1945-1949,1953, 1954, 1956-1958 (Entry 2691)

Boxes 1-179 and 1
1941 (Budapest Legation)
Box# File # File Titleor Subject
26 850.6 Insurance
851.6 Banks, Banking
851.6 Bank of England
851.6 Hungarian CommercialBank of Pest
851.6 National Bankof Hungary
1945 (Budapest Mission)
Box# File # File Titleor Subject
58 711 War Criminals (5folders)
711.3 ProclaimedList, British Statutory List, etc.
711.3 Trading WithEnemy
59-61 711.9 Hungarian Property, Reparations and Restitution, etc.
64 820.02 OSS Reports (3 folders) location:350/60/21/07
65 840.1 Jewish Property
66 848 Relief
850 Economic Matters
850.31 Property Census
67 851 Blocked Assets
851 Finance, Government
851 Miscellaneous
851.5 Currency
851.6 Hungarian CommercialBank of Pest
851.6 National bankof Hungary (2 folders)
851.6 Banks, Banking
851.7 Stock Exchanges
851.51 Foreign Funds Control
851.51 Exchange
1946 (Budapest Legation)
Box# File # File Titleor Subject
95 711 War Criminals (8folders)
711.3 Cementia HoldingCompany (2 folders)
711.3 Komjathy andCompany
711.3 ProclaimedList of Blocked Nationals
711.3 Tokalon Products
711.3 West OrientCompany (2 folders)
96 711.5 Admiral Horthy (2 folders)
96-100 711.9 Hungarian Property,Reparations and Restitution, etc.
103 840.1 Anglo-AmericanCommittee of Inquiry [condition of Jews]
840.1 Jewish Matters
840.1 Jewish Problems(2 folders)
840.1 Jewish Property(2 folders)
840.1 Jewish RefugeeChildren
840.3 Looted Art
104 848 Relief
105-106 850 Economic Matters
106 850.31 Property Census
850.6 Insurance
851 Financial Conditions
851 Blocked Assets (2 folders) location:350/60/22/06
107 851 Financial Reports (Monthly)
851.5 Currency
851.5 Gold Coins
108 851.51 Exchange Control
851.6 Banks, Banking
1947
Box# File # File Titleor Subject
125 711 War Criminals (ca. 20folders)
711.3 Corchos deAndalvlia S.A.

126 711.5 AdmiralHorthy
126-131 711.9 Hungarian Property, Reparation and Restitution, etc.
136 848 Relief Programs location:350/60/23/04
136-137 850 Economic Matters
137 850.6 Insurance(3 folders)
850 Safehaven
138 851 Financial Conditions
851 Blocked Assets
851 Financial Reports (Monthly)
851.5 Currency
851.5 Gold Coins
139 851.6 Banks,Banking (10 folders)
1948
Box# File # File Titleor Subject
157-158 711 War Criminals
158 711.3 BlockedAssets
711.5 Nicholas Horthy
158-160 711.9 Hungarian Property, Restitution and Reparations, etc.
167 840.1 Jews
840.3 Looted Art
169 848 UNRRA
170-172 850 Economic Matters
173 851 Blocked Assets
851.6 Banks, Banking(8 folders)

Classified General Records 1946-1948,1950-1952

Hungary 1820 Kitsempty Spaces The Blog Example

Boxes 1-32

1947
Box# File # File Titleor Subject
4 840.1 Jewish Property
840.3 Looted Art

Erin Entrada Kelly won the Newbery Award for her middle grade novel, Hello, Universe in 2018. Unfortunately, I haven’t read Ms. Kelly’s award-winning book, but I did get a copy of her latest book, We Dream of Space. I thought it might be particularly interesting because it’s set in 1985-86, as a class and their space-loving teacher prepare for the launch of the Space Shuttle Challenger. Engineer Husband just started working at NASA in the fall of 1985, and of course, we remember the Challenger disaster quite vividly.

So, We Dream of Space features a dysfunctional family: mom and dad, and three children, Cash, Fitch, and Bird. All three siblings are in the seventh grade because Fitch and Brid are twins, and Cash is doing seventh grade for a second year after failing his classes the previous year. As the story progresses, showcasing each of the three kids in alternating chapters, the writing is good, and the characters are very real and growing. Cash is trying to find out if there’s anything that he’s actually good at doing, since basketball and schoolwork are both out. Fitch is obsessed with playing games at the video arcade and trying to hold his temper. Bird wants to become the first female space shuttle commander as well as being the one person who attempts to hold the family together as they spin out in their separate orbits.

Wow, was this book a downer! It started out with a dysfunctional family, parents that call each other (expletive deleted) names all through the book and siblings that mainly ignore one another as much as possible, and it ended with the Cash, Fitch and Bird coming through their various difficulties with a small glimmer of hope in spite of the story’s climax in which the space shuttle Challenger explodes.

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When I say “small glimmer of hope” I mean small. The hope is barely there, and I’m not sure young readers will see it at all. Maybe this story would be encouraging, something of a mirror, for those children who live in dysfunctional families like the one in the book, but I tend to think escapist literature is more appealing for many children (and adults) who live in hard situations. At least, Bird has her astronaut fantasies, Fitch his video games, and Cash his Philadelphia 76ers basketball games. The reader of this sad but true to life novel won’t get much more than a glimpse of a beginning of family growth, maybe. Is Ms. Entrada’s Newbery winner as sad and discouraging as this one is? If so, maybe I’ll just skip it.